Hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev nyab xeeb hluav taws hauv tsev, txoj kev khiav tawm yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txoj sia. Txawm hais tias lub tsev zoo npaum li cas lossis zoo npaum li cas -tsim nws yog, yog tias cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem khiav tawm sai thiab nyab xeeb thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, txhua tus qauv tsim poob lawv lub ntsiab lus. Hauv kev tsim cov kev khiav tawm, lub qhov rooj tawm hluav taws thiab cov khoom siv txaus ntshai yog ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tsis sib xws.
Tsab ntawv xov xwm no yuav pib los ntawm UL American tus txheej txheem, txheeb xyuas cov qauv tsim ntawm txoj kev khiav tawm, kev hloov pauv ntawm lub laub pas nrig, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm hluav taws kub - tiv taus thiab tsis hluav taws kub - cov khoom siv tiv thaiv, thiab yuav ua li cas xaiv thiab nruab kom ntseeg tau tias koj lub tsev yog "tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam" thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev.
1. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub laub pas nrig xauv: ib qho kev nyab xeeb kiv puag ncig los ntawm hluav taws
Kev yug me nyuam ntawm laub pas nrig pib los ntawm ib qho kev mob siab rau hluav taws.
Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 30, 1903, hluav taws kub nyhiab tshwm sim ntawm Iroquois Theatre hauv Chicago, ua rau tag nrho Tebchaws Meskas poob siab. Lub sijhawm ntawd, muaj kwv yees li ob txhiab tus neeg tuaj saib qhov kev ua yeeb yam, thiab lub teeb ci ntsa iab ua rau lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntsej muag, ua rau hluav taws kub hnyiab tau sai. Cov neeg tuaj saib ntshai thiab maj nrawm mus rau ntawm qhov chaw tawm, tab sis ntau lub qhov rooj ntawm lub tsev ua yeeb yam tau kaw thiab lub qhov rooj qhib sab hauv - cov neeg coob coob tau thawb ib leeg, ua rau muaj coob tus neeg raug tsuj tuag. Thaum kawg, kwv yees li 600 tus neeg saib tuag hauv qhov hluav taws kub.
Qhov hluav taws kub no tau txhawb nqa ob qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb:
· Lub qhov rooj tawm yuav tsum qhib sab nraud - ntawm txoj kev khiav tawm kom tsis txhob muaj kev ntshai thiab trampling
· Cov khoom siv xa tawm yuav tsum tuaj yeem qhib tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev - nws yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam kev khiav tawm ntawm tib neeg
Tom qab ntawd, cov neeg tsim khoom Carl Prinzler thiab Henry DuPont tau tsim thawj lub qhov rooj kho vajtse uas siv lub tshuab sib dhos sib dhos, uas tsis yog tsuas yog ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab kaw haujlwm sab nraum lub qhov rooj, tab sis kuj tso cai rau cov neeg ua haujlwm yooj yim thawb thiab khiav tawm sab hauv. Qhov kev tsim no tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub neej hauv tsev kawm ntawv, khw khw, tsev kho mob, thiab kev ua yeeb yam thoob ntiaj teb.
2. UL 305 tus qauv: Lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua tau zoo rau lub laub pas nrig xauv
Nrog rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub neej dhau los ua kev tshawb fawb ywj pheej, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) tau ua tiav thawj zaug ntawm NFPA 101 Life Safety Code nyob rau xyoo 1927. Tib lub sijhawm, UL (Underwriters Laboratories) tau tshaj tawm thawj daim ntawv tso cai rau lub laub pas nrig hauv xyoo 1920 thiab tso tawm thawj version ntawm UL 3095 standard.
UL 305 "Push Rod Lock Safety Standard" yog ib txoj hauv kev sim tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev soj ntsuam kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub laub pas nrig siv thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog plaub qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tseem ceeb rau kev thawb pas nrig:
· Kev xeem kav ntev: Lub laub pas nrig xauv yuav tsum ua kom tiav 100000 lub voj voog sib txuas ntawm kev ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo lossis hnav ntau dhau
· Kev sim ua haujlwm kub ntxhov: Tshawb xyuas seb lub latch puas tuaj yeem tso siab rau thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev
· Kev ntsuas kub ib puag ncig: xyuas kom muaj kev ntseeg siab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias ntawm hluav taws kub
· Kev ntsuas kub tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam: txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm txhua yam nyob rau hauv qhov kub tsis tshua muaj kub
UL 305 xav kom lub zog qhib ntawm lub laub pas nrig yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 15 phaus (kwv yees li 6.8 kilograms) kom ntseeg tau tias txhua hom neeg, suav nrog cov neeg laus, menyuam yaus, thiab cov neeg tsis taus, tuaj yeem thawb lawv qhib thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub installation qhov siab ntawm lub laub pas nrig xauv yuav tsum nyob nruab nrab ntawm 34 thiab 48 ntiv tes, thiab qhov dav ntawm qhov pib ntaus ntawv (crossbar lossis laub phaj) yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog ib nrab ntawm qhov dav ntawm lub qhov rooj nplooj.
3. Fireproof tawm hardware vs. zoo tib yam laub pas nrig xauv: ib lo lus sib txawv, lub ntiaj teb no sib txawv
Qhov no yog qhov yuam kev tshaj plaws thiab ua rau tuag taus ntawm qhov hluav taws kub tsim.
Txawm hais tias ob qho tib si zoo sib xws, lawv muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb raws li UL tus qauv:
Ordinary laub pas nrig (Panic Hardware)
· Tsuas yog yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj UL 305
· Tsuas yog siv tau rau cov qhov rooj uas tsis muaj hluav taws kub
· Tso cai rau txhua yam "Dogging" muaj nuj nqi - tuaj yeem khaws tus nplaig xauv hauv lub xeev thim rov qab, ua rau lub qhov rooj thawb - rub ua haujlwm
· Sau npe li 'Panic Hardware'
Fire Exit Hardware
· Yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj los ntawm UL 305 thiab UL 10C ib txhij
· Tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv hluav taws kub
· Txwv tsis pub siv tshuab ib txwm qhib ua haujlwm
· Daim ntawv sau npe raws li 'Fire Exit Hardware' nrog rau qhov ntsuas hluav taws kub
Vim li cas thiaj yuav tsum tua hluav taws tawm kho vajtse dhau UL 10C tib lub sijhawm?
UL 10C yog tus qauv ntsuas hluav taws kub zoo uas simulates qhov xwm txheej hluav taws kub tiag tiag uas cov pa roj kub thiab cov pa luam yeeb raug thawb los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub qhov rooj thiab cov thav ntawv nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tawm hluav taws xob yuav tsum ua kom pom nyob rau hauv UL 10C kev ntsuam xyuas tias tus nplaig xauv tuaj yeem tswj xyuas qhov zoo ntawm qhov ntsuas kub txhua lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias siab thaum muaj hluav taws kub.
Lub qhov rooj xauv qhov rooj zaum yuav yaj los yog deform ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, ua rau tus nplaig xauv tawm tuaj - lub qhov rooj hluav taws poob nws lub peev xwm "kaw thiab kaw", thiab lub qhov hluav taws kub tam sim ntawd ua tsis tiav.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: Txhim kho lub qhov rooj xauv qhov rooj tsis tu ncua ntawm qhov rooj hluav taws, txawm tias lub tshuab ua haujlwm zoo npaum li cas, yuav tam sim ntawd ua rau UL ntawv pov thawj ntawm tag nrho lub qhov rooj hluav taws kub tsis raug.
4. NFPA 101 thiab IBC: Thaum twg lub laub pas nrig yuav tsum tau siv?
NFPA 101 "Life Safety Code" thiab IBC "International Building Code" kom meej meej qhia cov hom ntawm qhov chaw uas xav tau kev teeb tsa lub laub pas nrig:
· Cov chaw sib sau ua ke: muaj peev xwm ua tau 50 tus neeg lossis ntau dua
· Cov chaw kawm ntawv
· Institutional/Healthcare
·High Hazard Sites
NFPA 101 Tshooj 7.2.1.7 qhia tias lub qhov rooj khiav tawm hauv qhov chaw tau hais los saum no yuav tsum tau nruab nrog lub log log uas tau lees paub los ntawm UL 305. Yog tias lub qhov rooj tseem yog hluav taws kub - lub qhov rooj tiv thaiv, hluav taws kub - cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tiv thaiv tawm (pom zoo los ntawm ob qho tib si UL 105 thiab siv tau)
Rau cov tsev kho mob thiab cov chaw kawm ntawv, NFPA 101 kuj tsim cov kev txwv tshwj xeeb rau kev sib npaug ntawm kev tswj kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ywj pheej khiav tawm - cov cuab yeej kev nyab xeeb hauv chav kawm yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam rau kev khiav tawm, thiab kev khiav tawm qeeb yuav tsum tau pom zoo los ntawm AHJ (Authoritative Authority).
5. Kev sau npe thiab ntawv pov thawj: lub hauv paus nkaus xwb rau kev txheeb xyuas kev ua raws cai
Raws li UL system, kev ua raws li kev txheeb xyuas ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tso siab rau cov ntawv pov thawj.
Daim ntawv lo ntawm lub xauv pas nrig tsis tu ncua yog sau tias "Panic Hardware" thiab tsuas yog siv tau rau cov qhov rooj tsis muaj hluav taws.
Daim ntawv lo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tawm hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau sau nrog "Fire Exit Hardware" thiab muaj qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob sib thooj (xws li 3 teev, 1.5 teev, lossis 45 feeb). Tsuas yog cov khoom uas muaj daim ntawv lo no tau tso cai rau nruab rau ntawm qhov rooj hluav taws.
Thaum yuav khoom, nws yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas txhua yam khoom ib los ntawm ib qho:
· Puas yog daim ntawv pov thawj fireproof ntawm lub qhov rooj sib phim daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov khoom siv
· Puas yog cov qauv tshwj xeeb lossis qeb ntawm cov khoom siv kho vajtse suav nrog hauv cov npe kho vajtse pom zoo ntawm daim ntawv lo ntawm lub qhov rooj
· Yog qhov kev kuaj mob (qhov rooj tuab, cov khoom siv tseem ceeb, kev npaj pob khawm, thiab lwm yam) qhia ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj kho vajtse raws li qhov project tiag
Yog tias daim ntawv pov thawj kho vajtse qhia tau hais tias qhov kev sim tau ua tiav ntawm 1-3/4 inch ntxhia wool core ntoo qhov rooj, thiab qhov project siv 1-3/8 inch solid core door - txawm tias lub hardware tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau hauv lub cev thiab daim ntawv pov thawj zoo li siv tau, cov txheej txheem no yeej tsis tau sim ua ke thiab cov ntawv pov thawj tsis siv tau.
6. Tsim cov ntsiab lus thiab kev ua yuam kev
Cov ntsiab lus tsim:
· Lub qhov rooj ntawm txoj kev khiav tawm yuav tsum qhib sab nraud (ntsig rau ntawm txoj kev khiav tawm)
· Lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm lub laub pas nrig yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 15 phaus
· Lub installation qhov siab ntawm lub laub pas nrig yuav tsum nyob nruab nrab ntawm 34-48 ntiv tes
· Qhov dav ntawm qhov pib ntaus ntawv yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog ib nrab ntawm qhov dav ntawm lub qhov rooj nplooj
· Lub laub pas nrig ntawm lub qhov rooj tiv thaiv hluav taws yuav tsum yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tawm (UL 305+UL 10C)
Feem ntau yuam kev:
1. Nruab ib lub laub pas nrig tsis tu ncua ntawm lub qhov rooj hluav taws - tam sim ntawd siv tsis tau
2. Siv lub tshuab ua haujlwm ib txwm qhib kom qhib qhov rooj hluav taws - Ua txhaum ntawm NFPA 80
3. Nruab cov xauv ntxiv ntawm qhov rooj hluav taws - NFPA 101 txwv tsis pub
4. Kev tsis saib xyuas qhov sib txuam ntawm cov khoom siv kho vajtse thiab cov ntawv cim qhov rooj - ntawv pov thawj tsis siv tau
Xaus
Los ntawm kev ploj mus ntawm 600 lub neej nyob rau hauv 1903 Iroquois Theatre hluav taws hauv Chicago, mus rau qhov kev sim ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm UL 305 thiab UL 10C cov qauv niaj hnub no - tus qauv tsim ntawm txoj kev khiav thiab thawb pas nrig - tau dhau los ntawm ntau tshaj 120 xyoo ntawm evolution.
Tab sis kev kawm txuj ci tsis tau txhais hais tias qhov teeb meem tau ploj mus. Hauv kev tsim kho niaj hnub no, cov teeb meem ntawm kev txhim kho cov khoom siv tsis raug ntawm lub qhov rooj hluav taws tseem muaj ntau. Txhua lub qhov rooj tiv thaiv hluav taws tau teeb tsa nrog lub laub pas nrig tsis tu ncua yog qhov ua raws "lub sijhawm foob pob" tos kom tawg.
Thov nco ntsoov tias cov khoom siv ntawm lub qhov rooj hluav taws tsis yog "usable" xwb - nws yuav tsum tau txais UL 10C qhov kev ntsuas hluav taws zoo nrog lub qhov rooj, yuav tsum muaj "Fire Exit Hardware" daim ntawv lo, thiab yuav tsum phim cov qauv ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub qhov rooj daim ntawv lo raws nraim. Hais txog kev khiav tawm thiab kev nyab xeeb hluav taws, tsis muaj 'yuav luag' uas tuaj yeem lees txais.
